IMigangatho ye-Wi-Fi ecacisiweyo: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Bonke abasebenzisi be-intanethi bale mihla bayalazi igama elithi Wi-Fi. Yindlela yokuqhagamshela kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kwamacingo. I-Wi-Fi luphawu lwentengiso eyeye-Wi-Fi Alliance. Lo mbutho unoxanduva lokuqinisekisa iimveliso ze-Wi-Fi ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho ye-802.11 engenazingcingo ebekwe yi-IEEE. Yeyiphi le migangatho? Ngokwesiseko yiseti yeenkcukacha ezihlala zikhula njengoko iifrikhwensi ezintsha zifumaneka. Ngayo yonke imigangatho emitsha, injongo kukunyusa i-wireless throughput kunye noluhlu.

Unokufumana le migangatho ukuba ujonge ukuthenga izixhobo ezintsha zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo. Kukho intlaninge yemigangatho eyahlukileyo nganye ineseti yesakhono sayo. Ngenxa yokuba umgangatho omtsha ukhutshiwe akuthethi ukuba ufumaneka ngokukhawuleza kumthengi okanye kufuneka utshintshele kuwo. Umgangatho wokukhetha uxhomekeke kwiimfuno zakho.

Abathengi badla ngokufumana amagama asemgangathweni kunzima ukuwaqonda. Oko kungenxa yenkqubo yokubiza amagama eyamkelwe yi-IEEE. Kungekudala (ngo-2018), i-Wi-Fi Alliance ijolise ekwenzeni amagama aqhelekileyo asebenziseka lula. Ke, ngoku beze namagama aqhelekileyo/amanani enguqulelo ekulula ukuwaqonda. Amagama alula, nangona kunjalo, akwimigangatho yamva nje. Kwaye, IEEE isabhekisa kwimigangatho kusetyenziswa iskimu esidala. Ke ngoko, luluvo olulungileyo ukuqhelana neskimu samagama se-IEEE kwakhona.

Imixholo[ fihla ]

• IMigangatho ye-Wi-Fi ecacisiweyo: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a
• Yintoni u-802.11?
• 1. 802.11b
• 2. 802.11a
• 3. 802.11g
• 4. 802.11n
• 5. 802.11ac
• Eminye imigangatho yeWi-Fi
• 1. 802.11ad
• 2. 802.11ah
• 3. 802.11aj
• 4. 802.11ak
• 5. 802.11ay
• 6. 802.11ax

IMigangatho ye-Wi-Fi ecacisiweyo: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Eminye yemigangatho yakutshanje ye-Wi-Fi yi-802.11n, 802.11ac, kunye ne-802.11ax. La magama anokudida ngokulula umsebenzisi. Ngaloo ndlela, amagama anikwe le migangatho yi-Wi-Fi Alliance - Wi-Fi 4, Wi-Fi 5, kunye ne-W-Fi 6. Unokuqaphela ukuba yonke imigangatho ine-'802.11 'kuyo.

Yintoni u-802.11?

I-802.11 inokuthathwa njengesiseko esisisiseko apho zonke ezinye iimveliso ezingenazingcingo zaphuhliswa khona. I-802.11 yayiyeyokuqala WLAN umgangatho. Yenziwe yi-IEEE ngo-1997. Yayinoluhlu lwangaphakathi lweenyawo ezingama-66 kunye ne-330 yeenyawo zangaphandle. Iimveliso ze-802.11 ezingenazingcingo azisasenziwa ngenxa ye-bandwidth yayo ephantsi (kakhulu nge-2 Mbps). Nangona kunjalo, eminye imigangatho emininzi yakhiwe malunga ne-802.11.

Ngoku makhe sijonge indlela imigangatho yeWi-Fi eye yavela ngayo ukusukela oko kwadalwa iWLAN yokuqala. Ukuxoxwa ngezantsi yimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-Wi-Fi eye yavela ukususela ngo-802.11, ngokolandelelwano.

1. 802.11b

Nangona i-802.11 yayingumgangatho wokuqala we-WLAN, yayiyi-802.11b eyenza i-Wi-Fi yaziwe. Iminyaka emi-2 emva kwe-802.11, ngoSeptemba 1999, i-802.11b yakhululwa. Ngelixa isasebenzisa i-radio signal frequency frequency ye-802.11 (malunga ne-2.4 GHz), isantya senyuka ukusuka kwi-2 Mbps ukuya kwi-11 Mbps. Oku yayiseyisantya sethiyori. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-bandwidth elindelekileyo yayiyi-5.9 Mbps (ye I-TCP ) kunye ne-7.1 Mbps (ye UDP ). Ayingowona mdala kuphela kodwa unesantya esincinci phakathi kwayo yonke imigangatho. I-802.11b yayinoluhlu olumalunga neenyawo ze-150.

Njengoko isebenza kwi-frequency engalawulwayo, ezinye izixhobo zasekhaya kwi-2.4 GHz uluhlu (ezifana nee-ovens kunye neefowuni ezingenazintambo) zingabangela ukuphazamiseka. Le ngxaki yathintelwa ngokufakela igiya kumgama ukusuka kwizixhobo ezinokuthi zibe nokuphazamisa. I-802.11b kunye nomgangatho olandelayo we-802.11a zombini zivunyiwe ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa yayingu-802.11b eyabetha kuqala kwiimarike.

2. 802.11a

I-802.11a yenziwe ngexesha elifanayo ne-802.11b. Ezi teknoloji zimbini zazingahambelani ngenxa yomahluko kwiifrikhwensi. I-802.11a isebenze kwi-5GHz frequency apho inabantu abambalwa. Ngaloo ndlela, amathuba okuphazamiseka aye ancitshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yefrikhwensi ephezulu, izixhobo ze-802.11a zazinoluhlu oluncinci kwaye imiqondiso yayingayi kungena kwizithintelo ngokulula.

802.11a usebenzise ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba I-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ukwenza isignali engenazingcingo. I-802.11a iphinde ithembise i-bandwidth ephezulu kakhulu - ubuninzi bethiyori ye-54 Mbps. Njengoko izixhobo ze-802.11a zazibiza kakhulu ngelo xesha, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwakukhawulelwe kwizicelo zoshishino. I-802.11b yayingumgangatho oqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ke, idume ngakumbi kune-802.11a.

3. 802.11g

I-802.11g yamkelwa ngoJuni 2003. Umgangatho wenze inzame yokudibanisa inzuzo ebonelelwa yimigangatho emibini yokugqibela - 802.11a & 802.11b. Ngaloo ndlela, i-802.11g ibonelele nge-bandwidth ye-802.11a (54 Mbps). Kodwa ibonelele ngoluhlu olukhulu ngokusebenza kwi-frequency efana ne-802.11b (2.4 GHz). Ngelixa imigangatho emibini yokugqibela yayingahambelani nomnye, i-802.11g ibuyela ngasemva ihambelana ne-802.11b. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-802.11b iadaptha zenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo zingasetyenziswa kunye neendawo zokufikelela ze-802.11g.

Lo ngowona mgangatho ungabizi kakhulu usasetyenziswayo. Ngelixa ibonelela ngenkxaso phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo ezingenazingcingo ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje, ayinayo into engalunganga. Ukuba kukho naziphi na izixhobo ze-802.11b ezidityanisiweyo, inethiwekhi yonke iyacotha ukuze ihambelane nesantya sayo. Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kokuba ngowona mgangatho umdala osetyenziswayo, ngowona ucothayo nawo.

Lo mgangatho ube ngumtsi obalulekileyo osingise kwisantya esingcono kunye nokhuseleko. Eli yayilixesha apho abathengi babesithi bayonwabele iirotha ngokhuseleko olungcono kunemigangatho yangaphambili.

4. 802.11n

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Wi-Fi 4 yi-Wi-Fi Alliance, lo mgangatho wamkelwa ngo-Okthobha ka-2009. Yayingumgangatho wokuqala owasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-MIMO. I-MIMO imele iZiphumo eziNinzi zeZiPhumo ezininzi . Kweli lungiselelo, uninzi lwabathumeli kunye nabamkeli basebenza mhlawumbi ekupheleni okanye kuzo zombini iziphelo zekhonkco. Olu luphuhliso olukhulu kuba akusekho mfuneko yokuba uxhomekeke kwi-bandwidth ephezulu okanye ukuhambisa amandla okunyuka kwedatha.

Nge-802.11n, i-Wi-Fi iye yakhawuleza kwaye ithembekile ngakumbi. Usenokuba ulivile igama elithi dual-band kubathengisi beLAN. Oku kuthetha ukuba idatha ihanjiswa kwiifrikhwensi ezi-2. I-802.11n isebenza kwii-2 frequencies - 2.45 GHz kunye ne-5 GHz. I-802.11n ine-bandwidth yethiyori ye-300 Mbps. Kukholelwa ukuba isantya sinokufikelela nakwi-450 Mbps ukuba kusetyenziswe i-eriyali ezi-3. Ngenxa yeempawu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, izixhobo ze-802.11n zibonelela ngoluhlu olukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho yangaphambili. I-802.11 ibonelela ngenkxaso kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo. Nangona kunjalo, ibiza kakhulu kune-802.11g. Kwakhona, xa isetyenziswe kuluhlu olusondeleyo kunye neenethiwekhi ze-802.11b / g, kunokubakho ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweempawu ezininzi.

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5. 802.11ac

Ikhutshwe ngo-2014, lo ngowona mgangatho uqhelekileyo osetyenziswayo namhlanje. 802.11ac wanikwa igama Wi-Fi 5 yi-Wi-Fi Alliance. Iirotha zasekhaya ezingenazingcingo namhlanje zihambelana ne-Wi-Fi 5 kwaye zisebenza rhoqo kwi-5GHz. Isebenzisa i-MIMO, okuthetha ukuba kukho ii-eriyali ezininzi ekuthumeleni nasekufumaneni izixhobo. Kukho impazamo encitshisiweyo kunye nesantya esiphezulu. Okukhethekileyo apha kukuba, kusetyenziswa i-MIMO yabasebenzisi abaninzi. Oku kuyenza isebenze ngakumbi. Kwi-MIMO, imijelo emininzi ibhekiswa kumxhasi omnye. Kwi-MU-MIMO, imijelo yendawo inokubhekiswa kubathengi abaninzi ngexesha elinye. Oku akunako ukonyusa isantya somxhasi omnye. Kodwa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha iyonke yenethiwekhi yanda kakhulu.

Umgangatho uxhasa unxibelelwano oluninzi kuzo zombini iibhendi zefrikhwensi esebenza kuzo - 2.5 GHz kunye ne-5 GHz. I-802.11g ixhasa imijelo emine ngelixa lo mgangatho uxhasa ukuya kuthi ga kwimisinga ehlukeneyo eyi-8 xa isebenza kwibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-5 GHz.

I-802.11ac isebenzisa iteknoloji ebizwa ngokuba yi-beamforming. Apha, i-eriyali isasaza iisignali zerediyo kangangokuba zibhekiswe kwisixhobo esithile. Lo mgangatho uxhasa amaxabiso edatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3.4 Gbps. Eli lixesha lokuqala isantya sedatha sikhuphukele kwigigabytes. I-bandwidth enikezelwayo ijikeleze i-1300 Mbps kwi-5 GHz band kunye ne-450 Mbps kwi-2.4 GHz band.

Umgangatho ubonelela ngowona luhlu lweempawu kunye nesantya. Ukusebenza kwayo kuhambelana noqhagamshelo lweentambo eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphuculwa komsebenzi kunokubonwa kuphela kwizicelo eziphezulu ze-bandwidth. Kwakhona, ngowona mgangatho ubiza kakhulu ukuwuphumeza.

Eminye imigangatho yeWi-Fi

1. 802.11ad

Umgangatho uqaliswe ngoDisemba 2012. Ngumgangatho okhawulezayo ngokugqithisileyo. Isebenza ngesantya esingakholelekiyo se-6.7 Gbps. Isebenza kwibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-60 GHz. Ukuphela kokungalunganga luluhlu lwayo olufutshane. Isantya esikhankanyiweyo sinokufezekiswa kuphela xa isixhobo simi ngaphakathi kwerediyasi yeenyawo ezili-11 ukusuka kwindawo yofikelelo.

2. 802.11ah

I-802.11ah ikwabizwa ngokuba yiWi-Fi HaLow. Yavunywa ngoSeptemba 2016 kwaye yakhululwa ngoMeyi 2017. Injongo kukubonelela ngomgangatho ongenazintambo obonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi. Yenzelwe uthungelwano lwe-Wi-Fi oluhamba ngaphaya kokufikelela kwiibhendi eziqhelekileyo ze-2.4 GHz kunye ne-5 GHz (ingakumbi ezo nethiwekhi ezisebenza ngaphantsi kwe-1 GH band). Kulo mgangatho, isantya sedatha sinokuya kwi-347 Mbps. Umgangatho wenzelwe izixhobo zamandla aphantsi njengezixhobo ze-IoT. Nge-802.11ah, unxibelelwano kuluhlu olude ngaphandle kokutya amandla amaninzi kunokwenzeka. Kukholelwa ukuba umgangatho uya kukhuphisana nobuchwepheshe beBluetooth.

3. 802.11aj

Yinguqulelo eguqulwe kancinane yomgangatho we-802.11ad. Yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwimimandla esebenza kwibhendi ye-59-64 GHz (ikakhulu eTshayina). Ngaloo ndlela, umgangatho unalo elinye igama - i-China Millimeter Wave. Isebenza eTshayina 45 GHz band kodwa ngasemva iyahambelana 802.11ad.

4. 802.11ak

I-802.11ak ijolise ekuboneleleni ngoncedo ngoqhagamshelwano lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kweenethiwekhi ze-802.1q, kwizixhobo ezinomthamo we-802.11. NgoNovemba ka-2018, umgangatho wawunesimo soyilo. Yenzelwe ukonwabisa ekhaya kunye nezinye iimveliso ezinomthamo we-802.11 kunye nomsebenzi we-ethernet we802.3.

5. 802.11ay

Umgangatho we-802.11ad unomthamo we-7 Gbps. I-802.11ay, ekwabizwa ngokuba sisizukulwana esilandelayo se-60GHz, ijolise ekuphumezeni i- throughput ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 Gbps kwi-band frequency ye-60GHz. Iinjongo ezongezelelweyo zezi - uluhlu olwandisiweyo kunye nokuthembeka.

6. 802.11ax

Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Wi-Fi 6, lo uya kuba ngumlandeli we-Wi-Fi 5. Ineenzuzo ezininzi kwi-Wi-Fi 5, njengozinzo olungcono kwiindawo ezixineneyo, isantya esiphezulu nangona izixhobo ezininzi zixhunyiwe, ukubethelwa okungcono, njl. … YiWLAN esebenza ngamandla. Kulindeleke ukuba ibonelele ngokusebenza kakuhle kwimimandla exineneyo njengezikhululo zeenqwelomoya. Isantya esiqikelelwayo ubuncinane ngamaxesha angama-4 ngaphezu kwesantya sangoku kwi-Wi-Fi 5. Isebenza kwi-spectrum efanayo - 2.4 GHz kunye ne-5 GHz. Kuba ikwathembisa ukhuseleko olungcono kwaye isebenzisa amandla amancinci, zonke izixhobo ezingenazingcingo zexesha elizayo ziya kwenziwa ngendlela yokuba ziyahambelana ne-Wi-Fi 6.

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Isishwankathelo

• Imigangatho ye-Wi-Fi yiseti yeenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano olungenazingcingo.
• Le migangatho yaziswa yi-IEEE kwaye iqinisekisiwe kwaye yamkelwe yi-Wi-Fi Alliance.
• Abasebenzisi abaninzi abayazi le migangatho ngenxa yeskimu esibhidayo samagama esamkelwe yi-IEEE.
• Ukwenza kube lula kubasebenzisi, iWi-Fi Alliance iphinde yabhaptiza imigangatho yeWi-Fi esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo enamagama asebenziseka lula.
• Ngawo wonke umgangatho omtsha, kukho iimpawu ezongezelelweyo, isantya esingcono, uluhlu olude, njl.
• Owona mgangatho usetyenziswayo we-Wi-Fi namhlanje yi-Wi-Fi 5.

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